What is VDE-AR-N 4100 and why you need to know about it
If you are a network operator, an electrical craftsperson, or a manufacturer of low-voltage equipment, you might have heard of VDE-AR-N 4100. But what is it exactly and why is it relevant for you? In this article, we will explain what VDE-AR-N 4100 is, how it came about, what it requires, how to use it, and what it means for the future of low-voltage networks. By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of VDE-AR-N 4100 and how it can benefit you and your customers.
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The background and context of VDE-AR-N 4100
VDE-AR-N 4100 stands for "Technical Connection Rules for Low-Voltage Networks". It is an application rule issued by the Forum Network Technology/Network Operation (FNN) in VDE, which is a technical standardization body that deals with power grids in Germany. The application rule defines the technical requirements for connecting and operating customer installations on the low-voltage grid, which is the part of the power grid that supplies electricity to households, businesses, and public facilities.
The low-voltage grid is facing increasing challenges due to the growing demand for electricity, especially from renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and accumulators. These new technologies can have positive effects on the grid stability, efficiency, and sustainability, but they can also cause problems such as overloading, voltage fluctuations, harmonics, or grid perturbations. To ensure that the low-voltage grid can cope with these changes and remain safe, reliable, and compatible, there is a need for clear and consistent technical rules that regulate the connection and operation of customer installations.
This is where VDE-AR-N 4100 comes in. It was published in March 2019 as a new, standardized basic set of rules for this voltage level. It replaces nine previous sets of rules that were issued by different organizations over the years. These include:
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"Requirements on Meter Boards in the Low-Voltage Sector" (VDE-AR-N 4101), 2015;"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Customer Installations to the Low-Voltage Network" (TAB), 2007;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Power Generating Plants on the Low-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4105), 2018;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Charging Devices for Electric Vehicles" (VDE-AR-N 4100-2), 2018;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Accumulators on the Low-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4100-3), 2018;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Demand Facilities on the Low-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4100-4), 2018;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Power Generating Plants on the Medium-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4110), 2019;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Power Generating Plants on the High-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4120), 2019;
"Technical Requirements for the Connection and Operation of Power Generating Plants on the Extra-High-Voltage Network" (VDE-AR-N 4130), 2019.
By consolidating these rules into one document, VDE-AR-N 4100 aims to simplify and harmonize the technical connection rules for low-voltage networks, as well as to align them with the current state of technology and the legal framework. The target groups and beneficiaries of VDE-AR-N 4100 are mainly:
Network operators, who are responsible for planning, building, operating, and maintaining the low-voltage grid;
Electrical craftspersons, who are responsible for installing, testing, and commissioning customer installations on the low-voltage grid;
Manufacturers of low-voltage equipment, such as power generating plants, charging devices, accumulators, demand facilities, meter boards, etc.
The main innovations and requirements of VDE-AR-N 4100
VDE-AR-N 4100 introduces several new or revised requirements for customer installations on the low-voltage grid. Some of these requirements are related to specific types of equipment, such as charging devices for electric vehicles, accumulators, or demand facilities. Others are related to general aspects, such as power quality, network-beneficial behavior, or measuring concepts. Here are some of the main innovations and requirements of VDE-AR-N 4100:
New requirements for charging devices for electric vehicles
One of the most significant changes introduced by VDE-AR-N 4100 is the new set of rules for charging devices for electric vehicles. These devices are expected to play a key role in the transition to electromobility, but they also pose challenges for the low-voltage grid due to their high power demand and potential impact on voltage stability. To ensure that charging devices can be safely and efficiently integrated into the low-voltage grid, VDE-AR-N 4100 defines new requirements for them, such as:
Registration: All charging devices with a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW must be registered with the network operator before installation. The registration form can be downloaded from . The registration process helps the network operator to plan and monitor the load distribution and capacity utilization of the grid.
Power-factor correction: All charging devices with a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW must have a power-factor correction device that ensures a minimum power factor of 0.95 at all times. The power factor is a measure of how efficiently a device uses electrical power. A low power factor can cause losses, voltage drops, and harmonics in the grid. A power-factor correction device can improve the power factor by compensating for reactive power.
Network-beneficial behavior: All charging devices with a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW must have a network-beneficial behavior function that allows them to adjust their charging power according to the network conditions. The network-beneficial behavior function can be activated by a signal from the network operator or by an internal algorithm based on voltage measurements. The function can reduce or increase the charging power depending on the grid situation, such as congestion, overvoltage, undervoltage, or frequency deviations.
New requirements for accumulators
Another important innovation introduced by VDE-AR-N 4100 is the inclusion of technical requirements for accumulators on the low-voltage grid. Accumulators are devices that store electrical energy and can release it when needed. They can be used for various purposes, such as peak shaving, load shifting, backup power, or self-consumption. Accumulators can also be combined with power generating plants, such as photovoltaic systems, to increase their flexibility and efficiency. However, accumulators can also affect the power quality and stability of the grid, especially when they are connected or disconnected. To ensure that accumulators can be safely and effectively integrated into the low-voltage grid, VDE-AR-N 4100 defines new requirements for them, such as:
Permissible limiting values for perturbations: All accumulators must comply with the permissible limiting values for perturbations specified in VDE-AR-N 4100. These values define the maximum allowable deviations from the nominal voltage and frequency of the grid, as well as the maximum allowable harmonic distortion and flicker. Perturbations can cause disturbances, malfunctions, or damage to other devices or equipment connected to the grid. Accumulators must have appropriate control and protection devices to prevent or limit perturbations.
Measuring concepts: All accumulators must have a suitable measuring concept that allows the network operator to monitor and control their operation. The measuring concept consists of a metering device and a communication device that transmit relevant data to the network operator. The data include the active and reactive power, the energy flow direction, the state of charge, and the availability of the accumulator. The measuring concept helps the network operator to optimize the grid operation and to prevent or resolve conflicts or faults.
New requirements for demand facilities
A third major change introduced by VDE-AR-N 4100 is the inclusion of technical requirements for demand facilities on the low-voltage grid. Demand facilities are devices or equipment that consume electrical energy and can adjust their demand according to external signals or internal algorithms. They can be used for demand response, which is a mechanism that aims to balance the supply and demand of electricity by incentivizing customers to reduce or shift their consumption during peak periods or grid emergencies. Demand facilities can help to improve the grid efficiency, reliability, and sustainability, but they can also cause problems such as underloading, voltage rises, or reverse power flows. To ensure that demand facilities can be securely and beneficially integrated into the low-voltage grid, VDE-AR-N 4100 defines new requirements for them, such as:
Application conditions: All demand facilities must comply with the application conditions specified in VDE-AR-N 4100. These conditions define the technical and organizational requirements for participating in demand response programs or markets. They include the minimum power rating, the minimum availability, the minimum response time, the minimum duration, and the minimum frequency of activation of the demand facility. They also include the contractual obligations, the communication protocols, and the verification methods for demand response.
Technical requirements: All demand facilities must comply with the technical requirements specified in VDE-AR-N 4100. These requirements define the technical characteristics and functions of the demand facility that ensure its safe and compatible operation on the low-voltage grid. They include the permissible limiting values for perturbations, the network-beneficial behavior function, the measuring concept, and the control and protection devices.
How to download and use VDE-AR-N 4100
If you are interested in downloading and using VDE-AR-N 4100, you can find it on . The official document is available in German only and costs 250 euros for non-members and 125 euros for members of VDE. You can also download a free corrigendum that corrects some errors and inconsistencies in the original document.
In addition to VDE-AR-N 4100, you can also access some useful documents from . These include:
The registration form for charging devices for electric vehicles;
The guideline for measuring concepts for accumulators;
The guideline for network-beneficial behavior function for charging devices and accumulators;
The guideline for power-factor correction devices;
The guideline for power quality monitoring;
The guideline for network integration tests;
The guideline for network compatibility tests.
To use VDE-AR-N 4100 in practice, you should follow its guidelines and recommendations when planning, installing, operating, or maintaining customer installations on the low-voltage grid. You should also consult the network operator and the electrical craftsperson for any specific questions or issues that may arise. VDE-AR-N 4100 is designed to help you to comply with the legal and technical standards, as well as to optimize the performance and functionality of your customer installations.
The future prospects and challenges of VDE-AR-N 4100
VDE-AR-N 4100 is not a static document, but a dynamic one that will evolve and adapt to the changing needs and conditions of the low-voltage grid. VDE FNN is constantly working on updating and improving VDE-AR-N 4100, as well as on developing new application rules for other voltage levels and topics. Some of the future prospects and challenges of VDE-AR-N 4100 are:
Merging VDE-AR-N 4100 and VDE-AR-N 4105
One of the long-term goals of VDE FNN is to merge VDE-AR-N 4100 and VDE-AR-N 4105 into one set of rules that covers all customer installations on the low-voltage grid, regardless of whether they are power generating plants or not. This would simplify and harmonize the technical connection rules even further, as well as reduce the administrative burden for the network operators and the customers. However, this is not an easy task, as it requires a careful analysis and alignment of the different requirements and specifications for each type of installation.
Accelerating the integration of innovative technologies
Another challenge for VDE FNN is to make innovative technologies such as accumulators and electromobility suitable for everyday life and system-compatible at a faster pace. This means that VDE FNN has to anticipate and address the technical and regulatory issues that may arise from these technologies, as well as to provide guidance and support for their implementation and operation. This also means that VDE FNN has to collaborate with other stakeholders, such as manufacturers, customers, regulators, or researchers, to ensure that the application rules reflect the state of the art and the best practices.
Enhancing the benefits and minimizing the risks of VDE-AR-N 4100
A third challenge for VDE FNN is to enhance the benefits and minimize the risks of VDE-AR-N 4100 for the low-voltage grid, the customers, and the environment. The benefits of VDE-AR-N 4100 include improving the grid safety, reliability, efficiency, and sustainability, as well as enabling more flexibility, diversity, and participation in the electricity market. The risks of VDE-AR-N 4100 include creating technical or organizational barriers, increasing costs or complexity, or causing unintended consequences or conflicts. To balance these aspects, VDE FNN has to monitor and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of VDE-AR-N 4100, as well as to solicit feedback and suggestions from the users and the public.
Conclusion
VDE-AR-N 4100 is a new, standardized basic set of rules for customer installations on the low-voltage grid. It replaces nine previous sets of rules that were issued by different organizations over the years. It defines the technical requirements for connecting and operating customer installations on the low-voltage grid, such as charging devices for electric vehicles, accumulators, or demand facilities. It also defines general requirements for power quality, network-beneficial behavior, or measuring concepts.
VDE-AR-N 4100 aims to simplify and harmonize the technical connection rules for low-voltage networks, as well as to align them with the current state of technology and the legal framework. It also aims to ensure that customer installations can be safely and efficiently integrated into the low-voltage grid and can contribute to the grid stability, efficiency, and sustainability. It also aims to enable more flexibility, diversity, and participation in the electricity market for the customers. VDE-AR-N 4100 is not a static document, but a dynamic one that will evolve and adapt to the changing needs and conditions of the low-voltage grid. VDE FNN is constantly working on updating and improving VDE-AR-N 4100, as well as on developing new application rules for other voltage levels and topics. Some of the future prospects and challenges of VDE-AR-N 4100 are merging it with VDE-AR-N 4105, accelerating the integration of innovative technologies, and enhancing the benefits and minimizing the risks of VDE-AR-N 4100 for the low-voltage grid, the customers, and the environment. If you are interested in downloading and using VDE-AR-N 4100, you can find it on . To use VDE-AR-N 4100 in practice, you should follow its guidelines and recommendations when planning, installing, operating, or maintaining customer installations on the low-voltage grid. You should also consult the network operator and the electrical craftsperson for any specific questions or issues that may arise. We hope that this article has helped you to understand what VDE-AR-N 4100 is, how it came about, what it requires, how to use it, and what it means for the future of low-voltage networks. If you have any feedback or suggestions for us, please let us know in the comments section below. Thank you for reading! FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions about VDE-AR-N 4100:
What is the difference between VDE-AR-N 4100 and VDE-AR-N 4105?
VDE-AR-N 4100 is a new, standardized basic set of rules for customer installations on the low-voltage grid. It replaces nine previous sets of rules that were issued by different organizations over the years. It defines the technical requirements for connecting and operating customer installations on the low-voltage grid, such as charging devices for electric vehicles, accumulators, or demand facilities. It also defines general requirements for power quality, network-beneficial behavior, or measuring concepts. VDE-AR-N 4105 is one of the previous sets of rules that was issued by VDE FNN in 2018. It defines the technical requirements for connecting and operating power generating plants on the low-voltage grid, such as photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, or cogeneration units. It also defines general requirements for power quality, network-beneficial behavior, or measuring concepts.
Why do I need to register my charging device for electric vehicles with the network operator?
You need to register your charging device for electric vehicles with the network operator before installation if it has a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW. The registration process helps the network operator to plan and monitor the load distribution and capacity utilization of the grid. It also helps to ensure that your charging device complies with the technical requirements of VDE-AR-N 4100.
What is a power-factor correction device and why do I need it?
A power-factor correction device is a device that improves the power factor of a customer installation by compensating for reactive power. The power factor is a measure of how efficiently a customer installation uses electrical power. A low power factor can cause losses, voltage drops, and harmonics in the grid. A power-factor correction device can reduce these problems by increasing the power factor to a minimum value of 0.95 at all times. You need a power-factor correction device if your customer installation has a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW.
What is a network-beneficial behavior function and how does it work?
A network-beneficial behavior function is a function that allows a customer installation to adjust its power consumption or generation according to the network conditions. The network-beneficial behavior function can be activated by a signal from the network operator or by an internal algorithm based on voltage measurements. The function can reduce or increase the power consumption or generation depending on the grid situation, such as congestion, overvoltage, undervoltage, or frequency deviations. The network-beneficial behavior function can help to improve the grid stability, efficiency, and sustainability by avoiding or mitigating grid problems. You need a network-beneficial behavior function if your customer installation has a rated power greater than or equal to 4.6 kW.
How can I access the guideline for measuring concepts for accumulators?
You can access the guideline for measuring concepts for accumulators from . The guideline provides detailed information and examples on how to implement a suitable measuring concept for accumulators on the low-voltage grid. The measuring concept consists of a metering device and a communication device that transmit relevant data to the network operator. The data include the active and reactive power, the energy flow direction, the state of charge, and the availability of the accumulator. The measuring concept helps the network operator to optimize the grid operation and to prevent or resolve conflicts or faults.
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